自古逢秋悲寂寥，我言秋日胜春潮。晴空一鹤排云上，便引诗情到碧霄。

最佳实验室操作规程:职业安全卫生及环境(中英文)

上一篇 / 下一篇 2008-02-20 16:48:53

Water
Using water unnecessarily in laboratories is not only a waste, it reflects poorly on staff and is a bad example for others. Use of water in water aspirators and for cooling (water used once and run to waste) should be discontinued.

Policies and practices for immediate clean up of water spills should be implemented.食品伙伴个性空间,|dfA A;S8lh
“Wet areas” should be clearly identified and avoided as a practice wherever possible. Permanent wet areas should be well bundied.食品伙伴个性空间O8qw5d F|]

Risk Management:
·documented system for spills and ‘wet areas’食品伙伴个性空间4BH.EP:g,@
·no water aspirators used for suction
Wz j @+?&F h,]Y0·no cooling water run to waste
·general minimisation practiced

Electrical Power
A regime of electrical maintenance, repair and tagging in line with OH&S guidelines for safe use is an important code of practice for a Laboratory to demonstrate compliance.食品伙伴个性空间qq]H6xz%y
Policies and practices for safe handling of electrical equipment should be readily available to laboratory users, especially when the equipment involves the use of water.
ZK'Azu#_#} v0Coal-generated electricity is a limited resource. Greenhouse gases are an undesirable by-product. Wasting electricity is a missed opportunity for giving a good example to others.

Risk Management:
.} Y!d~5cGJ9G}0·documented system for maintenance, repair ,tagging and general use
({xQ4Qk"dc]0·appliances switched off when no in use
cUL~9JuO6D0·fume cupboards turned off when not needed
Yo,?8MoX0·sashes lowered on fume cupboards where possible

Natural and LPG gasses
,S x#|0Db$C0Policies and practices for safe working systems should be in place when gas is used in a laboratory.
Wherever LPG containers are used, procedures should be in place for their maintenance and safe storage.
Natural gas and LPG usage is used mainly for heating in buildings and in laboratories to a lesser extent. Its use should be minimised.

Risk Management:
M,QrZsj y0·documented system for safe working systems when using gasses and for the handling and storage of LPG containers
-\;X `/f2h Cl\o7T0·minimal heat wastage and fuel consumption

Chemicals, gases, biological agents and radioactive isotopes
System in place to inform. users of the potential hazards and dangers of substances is a necessity.
8O4Yx2to&g"H(k&e#@0The provision of clear and accurate labelling a of substances is necessary.
9EHRgh/Omo1P0Safe storage, including appropriate bunding, is necessary.
MSDS’s for all hazardous substances need to be available and kept current.
CL t@ Nx f0Accurate and appropriate signage, meeting the OH&S Code of Practice should be reviewed.
Compliance with the Hazardous Substances Regulation and the Dangerous Goods Act is important. This will include a chemicals/substances manifest being available. All decisions and outcomes relating to compliance matters should be documented.食品伙伴个性空间gs:l?3A
Laboratories traditionally spend large amounts on chemicals and associated materials.
n&hpZj SQ0Significant amounts of chemicals are never used and are eventually disposed of usually at some cost to the Laboratory and the environment. Sharing bottles of reagents and proper training to minimise the risk of contamination of reagent stock is a necessary consideration.

Risk Management:
,m1?%S:`#L5z\%I;c0·documented system for general use of hazardous / dangerous substances eg decanting, labelling, storage, spills, bunding, and purchasing.食品伙伴个性空间"G9m ]l:W)se
·minimal chemicals stored
pYu:p;c4He0·MSDS visible to all user
L S:dj}h`@Hy0·labelling meets Aust. code of Practice
["Sa(X8y'g?L(xQ0·manifests in place and up to date食品伙伴个性空间i6b9h&G4{Vd y
·safe packaging and storage食品伙伴个性空间'LM@*j [7W \
·effective bunding食品伙伴个性空间0B {8^S&e8q7V
·chemicals sourced from excess stock within the Laboratory
Y?]Dc|@0·less toxic substances used where possible

Laboratory-ware
-aE G2ll-Y7]0Policies and practices for consideration when purchasing and using laboratory ware need to be established, implemented, and monitored to gauge effectiveness. Safe work procedures in the assembly, and general use of apparatus is important.食品伙伴个性空间"`"jc?4P\
Use of disposable laboratory-ware is an expensive option and not in the best interests of the environment. Re-useable laboratory ware is generally cheaper in the long-term and generates less waste.

Risk Management:
p4k O-{3q)t#K/y#^-x'E0·documented system for general laboratory standards of purchasing controls (quantity and type)
n:N:{:T nX&i0·non-disposable laboratory ware used where possible

Waste minimisation食品伙伴个性空间9oAG7z{%yZ
Use of minimum quantities of materials, reuse/recycling if possible, and collection for appropriate disposal methods introduced into the laboratory environment will assist in an effective environment management system.
A waste risk assessment should be undertaken. Processes which generate waste should be assessed to seek waste reduction opportunities.

Risk Management:食品伙伴个性空间V(Z8GKc
·documented waste management plan established食品伙伴个性空间f?.x.YJwB4v
·processes to be assessed and redesigning processes to use minimisation strategies (process re-engineering)食品伙伴个性空间"kZ%q+V+R;t

Risk Assessment of laboratory methods食品伙伴个性空间["KH h/}6r _X
A risk assessment should be undertaken prior to the start of each semester to determine likely risks to health and the environment. These should be evaluated in terms of likely severity of outcome. Those that could to prove hazardous in the extreme should be managed under a system of risk control.

Risk Management:食品伙伴个性空间O;|0WJL`
·risk assessment of laboratory undertaken
7y-N(V3qroho0·formal prioritisation according to risk
·control measures identified, agreed and established
4{%yF[m/^ U]"D0·monitoring by period risk review

Waste disposal - general
Where practicable, hazardous wastes should be collected, treated to reduce hazards if appropriate (eg. acids neutralised), and disposed of in a way that minimises environmental impacts. These practices should be documented.食品伙伴个性空间X.mMTg
Hazardous wastes should not be tipped down the sink or allowed to evaporate.食品伙伴个性空间5U$y%V.@Lq*G
Hazardous materials should be removed from obsolete equipment before disposal.食品伙伴个性空间zH#Zd Y/k
Consumables containing heavy metals (eg. fluorescent tubes and Nicad batteries) should be segregated and disposed of appropriately.食品伙伴个性空间1zPB`6x

Risk Management:食品伙伴个性空间6f3|Gw#uN,x
·waste management plan developed食品伙伴个性空间,{ao!C9V5j
·acids and alkalis collected and neutralised/run to trade waste or removed by contractors
·no disposal of heavy metal to trade waste

Disposal of hazardous substances down sinks食品伙伴个性空间8u/@l?dUJ
The EPA/CWW impose strict limits on the concentrations of a range of hazardous substances in water run down sinks and floor drains
!gU-RsN1C)R0In essence, no waste (except washwater) should be run down sinks and drains. Where toxic substances are involved, even contaminated washwater may need to be collected and disposed by contractors (eg. washwater containing cyanide).食品伙伴个性空间$M YE3WX0o
Where contamination is present, personal protective equipment suitable to the type of contaminant should be available and used at all times.

Risk Management:
f9Y&@@9Q9q s:\0·provision of PPE as required by MSDS食品伙伴个性空间xfa}[e
·acids and alkalis collected and neutralised/run to trade waste or removed by contractors食品伙伴个性空间kqMrY/f
·negotiation with EPA to ensure compliance

Fume cupboard emissions食品伙伴个性空间7ZR AV D1h
Protocols for the use of and maintenance of fume cupboards should be developed, disseminated and monitored.
L3q.I)k!cJL/t0Fume cupboard emissions exhaust directly to atmosphere and so should be minimised. The possibility of suck-back of fume cupboard exhaust gases into building air intakes, open windows or the breathing zone of people working on the roof or in other buildings should be investigated.
'P,o9VF*@Gad0Modifications such as closed-cycle water scrubbers or extension of exhaust ducts should be considered where necessary to minimise health or environmental risks.
Fume cupboards are a compliance issue in terms of risk management both to the environment and as an OH&S issue. Therefore decisions relating to the management and changes in the use of fume cupboards should be documented and records should be kept.

Risk Management:
·work toward compliance with appropriate standards.食品伙伴个性空间4KMNVIg0L
·greenhouse emission minimised
L/qx.u;x9y0·minimal vapour/gases emitted into cupboards; use cold traps if possible

Laboratory air quality
The quality of laboratory air should be monitored considering chemical gases and vapour contamination, as well as noise, vibration, dusts etc.
gq.P6u#eA4a0Work which may potentially contaminate laboratory air should be moved to fume cupboards.食品伙伴个性空间Q%\pJa2g
Unused gas cylinders should be removed from laboratories.

Risk Management:
IiT5B-W I^!p4C0·eliminate mercury use where possible, otherwise test for mercury vapour
-tQt0?"?,jE'Y(F0·all necessary work conducted in fume cupboards食品伙伴个性空间 IZ*X)eWf
·dispose of all unused cylinders of toxic gas
4U1_|2C(U0·oil mist filters on vacuum pumps食品伙伴个性空间/RW;Ap9I^}

CFC and HCFC (hydrochlorofluorocarbon) use
A7I6~ ~a0Any non-essential use of CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances in the laboratory should be discontinued.
HCFCs (also ozone-depleting) should be phased out where substitutes exist.

Risk Management:食品伙伴个性空间)f%a^_g%K
·review use of CFC’s and eliminate where possible
l*~h a#hM0z&e0·review use of HCFC and eliminate where possible

Hazardous vapours drawn into trade waste by water aspirators
:aD;I.sF/^'rzL0Water aspirators that draw toxic vapours into water flowing down the sink may lead to noncompliance with trade waste regulations. Such vapours should be trapped (and reused if possible). The use of water aspirators for more than short periods of time should also be avoided (waste of water).

Risk Management:
`P9]&vX ~@F0·work toward elimination of all water aspirators

Risk of unintended discharges to trade waste食品伙伴个性空间gnv7gJak
All risks of unintended discharge to trade waste (eg. chemical spills) should be assessed. Significant risks should be addressed by establishing operation controls (eg, spill trays) to minimise the likelihood and magnitude of such discharges, by drawing up contingency plans, and by having equipment such as spill kits available.

Risk Management:
/Aow7l?z2K0·review and document processes to minimise risk of unintended discharges to trade waste
·block off floor drains where practicable
·bunding and containment of storage areas

pH Control of trade waste
E6d3NdyN2O0Trade waste regulations require all discharges to trade waste to be between pH 6 – 10. Concentrated acid, diluted one million to one with water, may still be below pH 6. Acid waste can cause long-term damage to sewers and can generate gases harmful to maintenance workers in the sewers. All waste acid and alkali should be collected and neutralised (and can be tipped down the sink only if there are no hazardous substances present).

Risk Management:
'?,ZSY(i.B0·eliminate all disposal of acids and alkalis to trade waste

Licenses and permits - toxic chemicals or biological substances
Laboratory personnel should be aware of and maintain all licences and permits held by the Department/Laboratory which apply to chemical or biological substances they are using.
They should be aware of all conditions of these licences/permits and comply with them.

Risk Management:
·Ensure compliance with legislation governing chemical and biological substances eg. Drugs, Poisons & Controlled Substances Act.食品伙伴个性空间ZxuHT Eb

Licensing of irradiating apparatus and radioactive sources
"vNQRm W1]&[0Laboratory personnel should be aware of and maintain all licences for irradiating apparatus and radioactive substances held by the Department/Laboratory which apply to the work they are undertaking.食品伙伴个性空间3wk@/Q V1D
They should be aware of all conditions of these licences and comply with them.

Risk Management:
·ensure legislative compliance

Bunding - general
)Lhqkl$mo0All containers of hazardous liquid (including wastes) should be bunded such that leakage of the full contents of the largest container of liquid in the bund/tray will be contained.食品伙伴个性空间@Z[6L0H7i:O
Corrosive liquids should not be stored in metal trays.食品伙伴个性空间6LxZ Tr&zW

Risk Management:
)t;r;T1L/o]Oj0·risk assessment undertaken to establish the need for bunding食品伙伴个性空间Ky4l$Enx1q
·the need for, and effectiveness of bunding review periodically

Transport
/|'Yw1NsG\J&m0Adequate safety equipment should be available and used by personnel transporting hazardous substances.
/W3d e#yCbPN$y0All personnel using such equipment must be trained when and how to use it, and how to respond to a spill.食品伙伴个性空间z3Q\c)`&NK@

Risk Management:
cs~o$aGF|1[0·risk assessment undertaken to establish the need for personal protective equipment食品伙伴个性空间6sU;D?Vx&T@
·spill response procedure documented and communicated to personnel transporting hazardous substances

Spill kits
Spill kits must be suitable and adequate for any foreseeable spill in the laboratory.
The kits should be clearly labelled, in a location known to all personnel, and all personnel should be trained in their use.

Risk Management:
W%i,j uDFbzS0·spill kits provided in strategic positions
·induction into laboratory to include use of spill kits

Back-flow prevention eg., “town water” supply
Backflow is the contamination of “town-water” with trade waste. This could happen via plastic hoses hanging from taps into a sink. eg, when water pressure is lost, contaminated water from a sink may siphon up and into the water mains ; or, the migration (growth) of algae – which may be harmful to people – from the sink, into a cooling water hose lying in the sink.食品伙伴个性空间n.P_$K B!A

Risk Management:
1x}9EA5j5RY0·work toward elimination all couplings between town water and wastewater食品伙伴个性空间$F{;?-R v`
·educate laboratory staff on the need for back flow prevention

Standard of safety and environmental performance of contractors working in the laboratory食品伙伴个性空间8ux1j'B{:@
All contractors working in a laboratory should be briefed on appropriate Laboratory standards and procedures, and their work monitored for compliance with those standards and procedures.
There should be a formal agreement to meet standards and codes of practice.

Risk Management:食品伙伴个性空间6Ye)A)ju
·contractor obligations clearly stated in tenders, purchase orders etc
^9Gw}j`z:~z#T0·performance of contractors monitored throughout the period of the contract食品伙伴个性空间-o$ca8Rd

Any field work is carried out in accordance with Laboratory guidelines
j?2@R(\)Xs$P0The Laboratory shall prepare guidelines for field work.
GXT+KHyw0Laboratory staff working in the field should be competent in the use of these guidelines and work in accordance with them.食品伙伴个性空间/By0X&e n

Risk Management:食品伙伴个性空间5ooWj J
·guidelines in place
·guidelines included in induction process as necessary食品伙伴个性空间+[q\)Ic

Training
E(~)s$`y|g|0All laboratory personnel with laboratory responsibilities (ie all personnel) should be trained in the performance of their responsibilities. The competence of personnel with key responsibilities (eg. transport of waste, leading emergency response) should be tested to ensure training/experience is adequate. All personnel should be aware of environmental legal obligations applicable to their work.

Risk Management:
·clear lines of authority and responsibility documented
9u:l9Y6~Mp:e0·training provided and performance outcomes monitored
·documented systems in place for ongoing training needs identification and actioned食品伙伴个性空间,G.z _'tl x

AEj,^xYg4l0Communication, documentation and records
2`{#yNRk/S0A formal system for reporting hazards and incidents should be in place, and all laboratory personnel should be familiar with it. A process for investigating incidents, reporting findings and acting on them should be in place.
i9gev bQ U5r:X0Systems for document control and records management should also be established.
!`P? ca-V:i0Records should be available to all personnel who need to use them.

Risk Management:
0~'j}GV1Qc!?!m0·all processes requiring controls to be documented食品伙伴个性空间3VBr9K3UU
·induction of staff and others undertaken as required
&qdgu+u0·records management system defined and implemented

Operational control & emergency response
There should be a formal process for the evacuation of the laboratory in an emergency situation.
This should include a mechanism for reporting the emergency to the wider Laboratory community and follow up to prevent occurrence.
Foreseeable “loss-of-control” situations should be identified and assessed, and operation controls put in place to prevent loss-of-control .

Risk Management:
6^u\ {B:q0·risk assessment undertaken食品伙伴个性空间3V'^GYy;W
·laboratory emergency response plan developed in line with the

Laboratory plan食品伙伴个性空间#V8qa$aQR
Audit and review of laboratory management systems and their effectiveness
u-i1D7XU4c(_7X5r8?0An audit/review program should be established and managed.
@{HA6\8vb0.A periodic departmental management review should review OH&S and environmental performance and the effectiveness of the system as a provider of laboratory services to the Laboratory community.

Risk Management:食品伙伴个性空间M`,k8J5e!\
·audit schedule developed
·audits undertaken
6|\\^%bd.V0·audits actioned appropriately
L s0?4}\,R0·outcomes periodically reviewed by stakeholders for systems monitoring purposes

水

实验室里不必使用的水不仅是废物，它还能给工作人员带来负面影响。吸水器中的水和降温用水（一次性使用水并排放为废物）应该丢弃掉。
S6pb*Ui3@(q&x0应该实行有关规章制度，立即处理洒溢出来的水。应该清楚地界定“潮湿区域”，并尽可能避免出现这种情况。对长期潮湿的地方要用隔离出来。

风险管理食品伙伴个性空间j4lm*T@{#|
·洒溢和潮湿区域的文档管理系统食品伙伴个性空间/o/O7K sU'x
·抽水泵不使用吸水器
!jxI.v D{0·没有制冷的水排污
CQ.A"l9k6SCt P h0·通用最小化规程食品伙伴个性空间3jjGjW'Q

电源
符合职业安全卫生制度的电源维护、保修等内容是实验室规程的重要法规。
应该为实验室人员准备电子设备的安全操作规程和制度，特别是那些用水设备。
&HH;Nk0V2H0煤电是种有限的资源，温室气体是多余的副产品，因此浪费电力资源是不好的行为。

风险管理食品伙伴个性空间nbd+}*w+xX
·对其保养、维修、标签和其它应用进行文档记录
$I9Xq2\s5\'k)|O0·不使用的时候应该关闭应用器具
r-@k7[q![+rj0·不用通风橱时要把它关闭食品伙伴个性空间G"G$[A _ A
·通风橱的窗扇要尽可能的降低食品伙伴个性空间#|GHq\N

天然气和液化气
&S0tf9U o$P8mCE3C0当实验室应用天然气的时候，应该配有相应的安全工作制度和规程。
　　当使用液化气罐的时候，应该制订出相应的维护和安全制度。
vV|0O5K9{0\C;ZHo0　　天然气和液化气的使用可以减少建筑物和实验室的采暖要求，但要尽量减少应用它们的机会。

风险管理
#Ly_|T2fz0q0·当应用天然气、并处理和储存液化气罐时，要建立安全操作的文档管理体系。食品伙伴个性空间2R c%KgF3mEe
·把热能浪费和燃料消耗降到最低限度

化学品、气体、生物制剂和放射性同位素
Nh0w1? }!T#^S0有必要配备物品潜在危险性的警示系统。
]s#y1HC!e0每个物品必须贴有清晰、正确的标签。
7[FAW[HlC~0必须安全储存物品，适当的情况下要采用隔离措施。
C)v*SY.W.YN0要准备所有危险品的物料安全数据表并保持其时效性。
\7Ol+XT&Y/}R0应该审核签名是否正确并符合职业安全卫生法规的规程。食品伙伴个性空间"{/IaG,J'mDF
遵守危险品法规和危险物料法令的管理是十分重要的，其中涉及已有的化学品和物品。所有与法规事务有关的决定和结果应该存档。
实验室一般在化学品和相关物资的采购上花费很大。
y/Y-XG:`xGE0绝大多数化学品从未用过，最后通常都被处理掉，这给实验室和环境都增加了成本负担。必须考虑到，共享制剂和适当的培训能最大限度地降低试剂库存受污染的危险。

风险管理
H|Q3y*q+c#Y s P7U0·危险物品的使用（如倾倒移液，标签，储藏，防洒溅，隔离和购入）的文档管理系统。食品伙伴个性空间H+U!].B8]G
·化学品的库存量保持最低食品伙伴个性空间![ b&C7u@
·所有用户都可以查看物料安全数据表
·标签符合国家法规的规定食品伙伴个性空间0P] u]0e
·备有库存单，且在有效期内
c"hVfc0s8ssh0·安全包装和储藏
,f$Z@!M*g\J&v0·有效的隔离措施
,?,~w4qU6v1Q E'@4e2|'G0·实验室内多余的库存化学品
Y? O0p I rXcEZ0·尽可能减少有毒物质的使用

实验室器皿
8J{Lj@U]~_0需要建立、实施并监控采购和使用实验室器皿的规章制度。装配线的安全工作流程和设备的充分利用是非常重要的。
K t!BGd*w0使用废弃实验室器皿的成本是昂贵的，同时也不符合环保要求。从长远角度看，实验室器皿的重复利用并尽量减少废物的生成，可以大幅度降低成本。食品伙伴个性空间}Igr/MNcY

风险管理
'e5Gty*V cIy2u0·一般实验室采购管理标准的文档系统，其中涉及物品的质量和型号。
]1J%Oh4uT,G)h0·尽可能使用不需弃置的实验室器皿

降低废物的产生
a"A;cr9H+Aa0在可能的情况下尽量减少物料的使用，或者重复、循环利用物料；为实验室引入适宜的废物处理方法，这样对环境的管理能起到帮助作用。
应该对废物进行风险评估。生成废物的过程要经过评估以降低其产生量。

风险管理:
6m/E,_,v0ae0·为废物管理计划建立档案机制
6yMQEv%y"m0·对流程进行评估甚至重新设计，以满足最小（少）化的方针。

实验室方法的风险评估食品伙伴个性空间L5E&I/m0?u
应该根据后果的严重性，对实验方法于健康和环境可能产生的有害影响进行风险评估。被证明具有极度危险性的，应该在风险控制体制下得到管理。食品伙伴个性空间 FmzPx5d9rX

风险管理食品伙伴个性空间.o/q/A\&|`
·实验室实行风险评估
/R3O8w y x[:j)g8r+m0·根据风险制订正式的优先管理项目食品伙伴个性空间F!da U*}:F#z
·控制措施的鉴别、确定和建立
Z1A"{cu"l0·定期进行风险审核

一般废物的处理食品伙伴个性空间 u"_Jmw
根据实际情况，收集并处理危险废物以降低其危险性，比如酸的中和；处理时要用能最大限度降低对环境造成影响的方法。
fVC,c?0不能把危险废物倾倒在水池内或者任其蒸发。
/~I'uZ;D k }W0危险品在处置前应该远离已被荒废的设备
F/MKVfvCQ$X0应该隔离含重金属的消耗品（如荧光管和镍镉蓄电池），并用适宜的方法处置。
食品伙伴个性空间cKb2f9d6sT!H
风险管理食品伙伴个性空间:xb[e G7|
·废物管理计划的开展
gb-p*pih#R\0·收集并中和酸碱物质或者由工作人员搬移。
·不得废弃含重金属的废物食品伙伴个性空间8mC$N@-fh

处理到水槽中的危险品
"i*Z.Jw}N`@0国家环保局对倒入水槽和地下水道的危险品的浓度范围有严格限制。
z v/`(OP2ZN,Q q0除了清洗用水，废物一般不能倒入水槽和下水道。当物品有毒时，甚至受污染的清洗用水也需要收集起来并统一由工作人员负责处理（如含氰化物的清洗用水）。
9h:cI'M$~'p|k9^'m0有污染情况出现时，应该备有随时可以使用的相应的个人保护装置。

风险管理
~IK6u r]0·提供物料安全数据表中要求的个人防护装备。食品伙伴个性空间v9\"NO"iTV
·收集并中和酸碱，或者由工作人员搬移。食品伙伴个性空间u,yb0w[S
·与国家环保局加强联系，确保各项操作符合有关规定。

通风橱的气体排放
#f,j)d~+L0应该执行通风橱的使用和保养草案食品伙伴个性空间9@9ULux
通风橱排出的气体直接排放至大气中，排量应该控制到最低限度。应该调查通风橱废气回吸至房屋内的进风口、打开的窗户或者房顶工作人员的呼吸区域或者其它房屋的可能性。
(H'wFl0G/vn8Xq0必要的地方，应该考虑更换封闭式循环冲洗物或者延长废气排放管，以降低对健康或环境的危害。食品伙伴个性空间#W)iKd0D;i
环境和职业安全卫生法规中的风险管理，有对通风橱的管理条款。所以使用通风橱时，与管理和变更有关的决定应该被存档并保留记录。

风险管理食品伙伴个性空间2t$tUH&B
·符合相关标准的工作食品伙伴个性空间}(H5Dcop
·最大限度降低温室气体的排放
T5TT[K0^cD0·最小限度的通风橱蒸汽/气体排放；如果可能使用冷水闸。

实验室空气质量
应该监控实验室空气质量，涉及对化学气体和蒸汽污染，以及噪音、震动和灰尘等的监控。
L%}O R$~Fv4r\0可能会污染实验室空气的工作应该移至通风橱。未使用过的气罐应该从实验室移走。

风险管理
H$ckDd?V0·尽可能不使用水银，否则要检测是否有水银蒸汽。
·所有在通风橱中进行的必要工作
c/i$Ina0·所有废用毒气缸的处置
·真空吸泵中的油雾过滤食品伙伴个性空间B5g]$z?(pI

氯氟碳和氢氯氟碳的使用
ie%n3C!`}3M*w0应该放弃任何CFC的不重要应用和实验室中的其它臭氧祛除剂。
fB-y YwCC9^F3b0在有替代品的时候，应该逐渐淘汰HCFC（即臭氧祛除剂）。

风险管理食品伙伴个性空间"mH7` yf[
·可能的情况下，CFC的重复使用和排除
·可能的情况下，HCFC的重复使用和排除

吸水器产生的成为商业废物的危险蒸汽
把吸水器中的有毒蒸汽随水流排入水槽是违反商业废物法规的。这类蒸汽应该集中处理（可能的情况下重复利用），也应该避免吸水器的长期应用（这样可以避免产生废水）。食品伙伴个性空间A#Oa/z`${

风险管理
&K)l I|#bY7fA^%W9Q0·所有吸水器排除的工作

非有意识性废物排放的风险
应该评估所有无意识的废物排放（如：化学品的溢出）。应该通过建立操作控制（如洒溅盘），起草应急方案并置备像防洒溅这样的设备来处理重大风险，以便最大限度降低这些排放的可能性和数量。食品伙伴个性空间Fy/\N]

风险管理
t!L!AUS AqH%v0·建立评审和归档流程，以最大限度降低商业废物无意识排放的风险。食品伙伴个性空间?@)U `r jC
·在可以的地方堵住地下水道
·储存区域的隔离食品伙伴个性空间7Dsml7a)bFR

商业废物酸碱值的控制
|R,p-C6A/dg4i0商业废物规定中要求所有排放的商业废物的酸碱值在6-10之间。浓缩的酸，用水稀释成100万比1的浓度，仍可以使pH值为6。酸废物能长期腐蚀下水道，并能产生伤害水暖工的气体。所有废弃的酸碱应该收集并中和（只有不存在危险物质后才能冲入水槽）。食品伙伴个性空间#upM#q!E

风险管理
pF%G#a Y XBo.u b}0·排除所有对酸碱性废物的处置食品伙伴个性空间})YHxl0f

有毒化学品或者生物品的许可证和执照食品伙伴个性空间L^:mlt({
实验室人员应该知道并维护部门和实验室持有的所有应用化学及生物制品的执照和许可证。他们应该知道所有执照/许可证的作用并遵守相应的规定。

风险管理
·保证符合管制性化学和生物制品的法规，如药品，毒品和控制品法令。

一般性隔离措施
g1l'hNDb#u&h0应该隔离所有盛装危险液体（包括废料）的容器，这样即使最大液体容器中内容物全部泄漏也会被盛装起来。

风险管理
9b1p5V-L}$L0·对隔离装置的设置开展风险评估
·定期检查隔离设施的需求和有效性食品伙伴个性空间r/R/X&Z}3d

运输
*I2Dc U^0运输危险品的人员应该配备并应用充足的安全设备
所有应用这种设备的人员必须接受培训，知道在何时、如何应用它们，以及如何对溢出物做出快速反应。

风险管理
u`h} f0·对建立个人保护装置的需求开展风险评估
·为备有危险品运输的文件，说明洒溅事件的处理流程。

防洒溅装置
#}IJz:_!h/bJ9?0防洒溢装置必须适合任何实验室内不可预见性的洒溢事故。
该装置应该有清晰的标签，放在所有人员都知道的位置，并且所有人员应该就其使用方法接受培训。食品伙伴个性空间&Jm Kj-F

风险管理食品伙伴个性空间+aV0U-S5up
·为重要岗位提供防洒溢装置。食品伙伴个性空间2v)Fec4J5l9m
·为实验室引入防洒溢装置。

逆流的防范，如“城市水”的提供
ghAnxd0逆流是指受商业废物污染的“城市用水”。发生这种情况是因为，自来水管中的水通过塑料软管被引到水槽里。比方说，当水压不足时，水槽中受污染的水可能会虹吸上来倒灌至主水流干线，或者对人类可能有害的藻类迁徙（生长）到水槽中的冷水软管内。食品伙伴个性空间fJI mq3]

风险管理
;\;T4`QF0·排除所有城市用水和废水的连接
dqg"OBG'bEr0·教育实验室工作人员防范发生逆流。

实验室工作人员的安全和环境操作标准
c[eAyv8T6g0所有在实验室工作的人员应该总结实验室的标准和规程，及其与那些标准和规程相符的工作。
+C K2V1a3s7AzN^0应该有正式的协议满足行业标准和法规。

风险管理
-I7] |1Yx5zG:?a0·工作人员的义务应该在标书、采购单中清楚地规定出来。
·工作人员的表现在整个任职期间都能得到监控。

根据实验室方针执行任何场地工作
x/[c:cD5C0实验室应该为场地工作制订规则。
`d'jm M0IEQbz!K0在场地工作的实验室人员应该能胜任这些方针和与之有关的工作。食品伙伴个性空间)\ w'WF.l^5z

风险管理
]5x!Txw0·适当的方针
2th3}aDDyLC0·必要的归纳过程食品伙伴个性空间|xNT:b7_\'_

Training培训
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