毒理学词汇
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lanbo78
发布于2009-09-04 23:17:35
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Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL)
The lowest concentration or amount of a subtance, found by experiment or observation, that causes an adverse alteration of morphology , functional capacity, growth, development or life span of the target organism distingusable from normal(control) organisms of the same species and strain under the same defined conditions of exposure.
Lowest-observed-effect level (LOEL)
The lowest concentration or amount of a subtance, found by experiment or observation, that causes any adverse alteration in morphology , functional capacity, growth, development or life span of the target organism distingusable from normal(control) organisms of the same species and strain under the same defined conditions of exposure.
No-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL)
Highest concentration or amount of a subtance, found by experiment or observation, that causes no detectable adverse alteration of morphology , functional capacity, growth, development or life span of the target organism under defined conditions of exposure. Alterations of morphology , functional capacity, growth, development or life span of the target organism may be detected that are not judged to be adverse.
No-observed-effect level (NOEL)
Highest concentration or amount of a subtance, found by experiment or observation, that causes no alterations of morphology , functional capacity, growth, development or life span of the target organism distingusable from those observed in normal(control) organisms of the same species and strain under the same defined conditions of exposure.
Risk assessment
An empirically based paradigm that estimates the risk of adverse effect(s) from exposure of an individual or population to a chemical,physical or biological agent. It includes the components of hazard identification,assessment of dose-response relationships, exposure assessment and risk characterization.
Hazard identification
The identification of the inherent capability of a substance to cause adverse effects.
Hazard characterization
Involves determining whether or not an agent poses a hazard, at what doses and under what conditions of exposure.
Dose(exposure)-response relationship
Characterization of the relationship between administered dose or exposure and the biological change in organisms. It may be expressed as the severity of an effect in one organism(or part of an organism) or as the proportion of a population exposed to a chemical that shows a specific reaction.
Exposure assessment
The qualitative and/or quantitative assessment of the chemical nature, form and concentration of a chemical to which an identified population is exposed from all sources(air,water,soil and diet).
Risk characterization
The synthesis of critically evaluated information and data from exposure assessment, hazard identification and dose-response considerations into a summary that identifies clearly the strengths and weaknesses of the database, the criteria applied to evaluation and validation of all aspects of methology and the conclusions reached from the review of scientific information.
Acceptable daily intake
The maximum amount of a substance to which a subject may be exposed daily over a lifetime without appreciable health risk.
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lanbo78
发布于2009-09-05 00:41:29
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Action Level
The level of exposure at which certain provisions of the standards must be initiated, such as periodic measurements of employees, and medical surveillance (if appropriate for the particular substance.)
ADI, Acceptable daily intake
An estimate of acceptable daily dietary exposure which is derived from a no observed effect level (NOEL) and a safety factor.
BEI, Biological exposure indices
A measure of the amount of chemical absorbed into the body.
CFR, Code of federal regulations
A codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the Executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government.
Contaminant
Any physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substance in water.
DWEL, Drinking water equivalent level
The medium-specific exposure which is interpreted to be protective for non-carcinogenic end-points of toxicity over a lifetime of exposure. Medium refers to the substrate, i.e., drinking water, and the standard assumes lOO% of the exposure is from that medium.
GRGL, Groundwater residue guidance level
The residue level at which no known or anticipated adverse effects on health of persons may occur, including an adequate margin of safety.
HA, Health advisory
Non-regulatory information on health effects, analytical methodology and treatment technology that would be useful in dealing with contamination of drinking water. Developed from data describing non-carcinogenic end-points of toxicity.
HERP, Human exposure dose/rodent potency dose
Index of possible hazard where human exposure (daily lifetime dose in mg/kg) is expressed as a percentage of the rodent TD50 (toxic dose affecting 50% of the population) dose (in mg/kg) for a given carcinogen.
IDLH, Immediately dangerous to life and health
Represents a maximum concentration from which, in the event of respirator failure, one could escape within 30 minutes without experiencing any escape-impairing or irreversible health effects.
LEL, Lowest effect level
(See LOAEL)
LOAEL, Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (also LEL and LOEL)
In a series of dose levels tested, it is the lowest level at which an effect (adverse) is observed in the species tested.
LOEL, Lowest-observed-effect level (See LOAEL)
MAC, Maximum allowable concentrations
Used in industrial toxicology to define permissible levels of exposure to chemicals.
MCL, Maximum contaminant level
The maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water which is delivered to any user of a public water system. MCL levels take into account feasibility and cost but are set as close as possible to the level at which no adverse health effects occur.
MCL Goal, Maximum contaminant level goal
The level at which no known or anticipated adverse effects on the health of persons occur and which allows an adequate margin of safety. MCL goals and MCLs for each contaminant must be set simultaneously. RMCLs set prior to 1986 now are treated as MCL goals.
MPC, Maximum permissible concentration
Used to recommend maximal levels of uranium compounds in drinking water.
MRL, Minimal Risk Level
An estimate of daily human exposure to a chemical that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects (noncancerous) over a specified duration of exposure.
NEL, No-effect level
(See NOAEL)
NOAEL, No-observed-adverse-effect-level (also NEL, NOEL)
In a series of dose levels tested, it is the highest level at which no effect is observed, i.e., safe, in the species tested.
NOEL, No-observed-effect-level
(See NOAEL)
PEL, Permissible exposure limit
An OSHA standard which is subject specific and has the supporting documentation for promulgation and enforcement of occupational health regulations. An allowable exposure level in the workplace air averaged over an eight-hour shift.
PHI, Preharvest interval
The period between the last application of a pesticide and harvest of the crop.
Q*, Oncogenic potency
Potency factor derived from mathematical models that extrapolate from data derived from animal experiments to estimate human cancer risk. The Q* value is a probabilistic estimate of the upper bound on incidence of extra instances of tumor formation in humans that can be expected following dietary ingestions, or exposure by other routes, of a given level of a particular chemical over a 70-year human lifetime.
RDA, Recommended dietary allowance
National Academy of Science allowance intended to provide for individual variations among most normal persons as they live in the United States under usual environmental stress.
RfD, Reference Dose
An estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of the daily exposure of the human population to a potential hazard that is likely to be without risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. The RfD is operationally derived from the NOAEL (from animal and human studies) by a consistent application of uncertainty factors that reflect various types of data used to estimate RfDs and an additional modifying factor, which is based on a professional judgment of the entire database on the chemical. The RfDs are not applicable to nonthreshold effects such as cancer.
RMCL, Recommended maximum contaminant level
RMCLs are set by rule for any contaminant in drinking water which may adversely affect the health of persons. RMCLs are set at a level at which no known or anticipated adverse health effects occur with an adequate margin of safety. RMCLs set prior to MCLs for each contaminant. Note: the term RMCL was replaced by the term "MCL goal" in the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986.
RRfD, Risk reference dose
Estimate of daily exposure to the human population which appears to be without appreciable risk of deleterious effects over a lifetime of exposure.
SIC, Surveillance index classification
Five classifications used by FDA to categorize health hazards.
Class I _ high health hazard on a toxicological basis.
Class II _ evidence of possible high risk of toxic effects.
Class III _ moderate profile based on weighing both toxicity and dietary exposure factors.
Class IV _ low hazard potential, justifies only intelligence related monitoring effects.
Class V _ little potential hazard due to low toxicity or minimal possible exposure.
SNARL, Suggested no adverse response level
A level protective of a 70 kg adult consuming 2 liters of water per day and for whom drinking water is assumed to contribute 20% of the daily exposure to the chemical residue.
TADI, Temporary acceptable daily intake
(See ADI)
TAS, Tolerance Assessment System
The TAS joins pesticide-commodity tolerance data with food consumption data to estimate possible chemical intake levels.
TLV, Threshold limit value
Refers to airborne concentrations of substances and represents conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be unaffected.
TLV-C, Ceiling
The concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the working exposure.
TLV-STEL, Short term exposure limit
Supplements the TWA where there are recognized acute effects from a substance whose toxic effects are primarily of a chronic nature. A 15- minute TWA not to be exceeded at any time.
TLV-TWA, Time weighted average
(based on up to a lO-hour exposure unless otherwise noted) Concentration for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect.
TMRC, Theoretical maximum residue contribution
The amount of a substance that would be present in a 1.5 kg "average" daily diet if all commodities with established tolerance bore residues at the tolerance level. EPA assumes that (l) each pesticide is used on all harvested crop acres for which a tolerance exists or is proposed and (2) pesticide residues are present at full tolerance levels in every food consumed.
TMRL, Temporary maximum residue limit
(See MRL)
Tolerance
A legal limit, currently established by EPA, for the maximum amount of a pesticide residue which may be present in or on a food.
UCR, Unit cancer risk
The result of applying linear models to carcinogenicity data to estimate the upper limit on lifetime risk per unit of dose. Specific properties of substances are generally not taken into account.
UF, Uncertainty factor
A factor used in operationally deriving the RfD from experimental data. UFs are intended to account for (l) the variation in sensitivity among the members of the human population, (2) the uncertainty in extrapolating animal data to the case of humans, (3) the uncertainty in extrapolating from data obtained in a study that is of less than lifetime exposure, and (4) the uncertainty in using LOAEL data rather than NOAEL data. Usually each of these factors is set equal to 10.
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lanbo78
发布于2009-09-05 10:28:25
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acute reference dose （aRfD）
The ARfD for a substance is similar to the ADI but it relates to intake of residue at one meal or on one day. The ARfD is expressed in milligrams of the substance per kilogram body weight. The ARfD value is derived from the toxicological data for the substance and is based on the No Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) in the most sensitive animal species used in toxicological studies that are most relevant to short term exposure. A safety factor to account for inter-species and inter-individual variation is applied and, in this way, the particular vulnerability of infants, children, the elderly and those whose systems are under stress because of ill-health are taken into account.
急性毒性参考剂量（ARfD）-一顿饭中摄入而不会带来危害的化学物剂量，在实验室中，让动物摄入一定量的农药（以每千克动物体重摄入的农药量来计算），而没有观察到不利影响，这样可以确定实验动物的ARfD，人体的ARfD就根据动物的来确定。
急性参考剂量(ARfD)是一个重要的毒理学阈值,主要用来评价外来化学物短时间急性暴露造成的健康损害。其定义是:食品或饮水中某种物质,其在较短时间内(通常指在一餐或一天内)被吸收后不致引起目前已知的任何可观察到的健康损害的剂量。
[ 本帖最后由 lanbo78 于 2009-9-5 10:36 编辑 ]
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