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[论坛] Understanding and measuring the shelf-life of food
2007-05-03 13:10:43
Understanding and measuring the shelf-life of food
Edited by R Steele
Woodhead Publishing 2004
下载地址：
The shelf-life of a product is critical in determining both its quality and profitability. This important collection reviews the key factors in determining shelf-life and how it can be measured.
Part 1 examines the factors affecting shelf-life and spoilage, including individual chapters on the major types of food spoilage, the role of moisture and temperature, spoilage yeasts, the Maillard reaction and the factors underlying lipid oxidation. Part 2 addresses the best ways of measuring the shelf-life of foods, with chapters on modelling food spoilage, measuring and modelling glass transition, detecting spoilage yeasts, measuring lipid oxidation, the design and validation of shelf-life tests and the use of accelerated shelf-life tests.
Understanding and measuring the shelf-life of food is an important reference for all those concerned with extending the shelf-life of food.
About the editor
Dr Bob Steele is Head of the Packaging Materials Development Section of Food Science Australia.
Contents
Introduction
PART 1: FACTORS AFFECTING SHELF-LIFE AND SPOILAGE
The major types of food spoilage: an overview
R P Singh and B Anderson University of California, USA
Introduction
Physical instability
Chemical spoilage (degradation
Microbial spoilage
Future trends
Sources of further information
References
Shelf-life and moisture management
R Esse and A Saari, Humidipak Inc, USA
Introduction: moisture activity and shelf-life
Water activity and moisture management
The effects of moisture on the storage stability of food
How moisture management systems work: the use of meat jerky
Application of moisture management systems to food and other products
Future trends
References
Temperature and food stability: analysis and control
P S Taoukis and M C Giannakourou, National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Introduction: temperature and the shelf-life of food
Quantifying the effect of temperature on food
Shelf-life testing and indices
Shelf-life prediction and management: time-temperature relationships
Future trends
References
Physiological factors affecting colour and firmness
R E Schouten and O van Kooten, Wageningen University and H Jalink, I F Kappers, J F H Snel and W Jordi, Plant Research International, The Netherlands
Introduction
Physiology of firmness: fruits and vegetables
Methods of improving and maintaining firmness
Physiology of colour: fruits and vegetables
Methods of improving and maintaining colour
Future trends
Acknowledgements
References
Spoilage yeasts
T Deak, St Istvan University, Hungary
Introduction
Characteristics and classification of yeasts
Factors affecting the growth and survival of spoilage yeasts
Diversity and frequency of spoilage yeasts in different foods
Factors affecting the inactivation of spoilage yeasts
Future trends: new technologies to inactivate spoilage yeasts
Sources of further information
References
Factors affecting the Maillard reaction
A Arnoldi, University of Milan, Italy
Introduction: the Maillard reaction (MR)
Factors affecting the Maillard reaction
The Maillard reaction and spoilage: flavour deterioration
The Maillard reaction and spoilage: nutritional losses and browning
Improving shelf-life: antioxidative Maillard reactions
Improving shelf-life: the Maillard reaction and microbial spoilage
Conclusion
References
Factors affecting lipid oxidation
M H Gordon, University of Reading, UK
Introduction: mechanisms of autoxidation
Factors influencing the rate of lipid oxidation
Methods of measuring oxidation in an oil or food
Monitoring changes in oxidation and the use of predictive methods
Future trends
Sources of further information and advice
References
PART 2: MEASURING SHELF-LIFE AND SPOILAGE
Ways of measuring shelf-life and spoilage
T K Singh and K R Cadwallader, University of Illinois, USA
Introduction: understanding and estimating the shelf life of food
Key factors influencing the shelf-life of food
Quality indices for testing the shelf-life of food
Conclusions and future trends
Sources of further information and advice
References
Verification and validation of food spoilage models
G D Betts and S J Walker, Campden and Chorleywood Food Research Association, UK
Introduction: the modelling process
Validation and verification: definitions and use
Evaluation techniques and data transformation
Limitations of models
Future trends
Sources of further information and advice
References
Measuring and modelling glass transition
I A Farhat, University of Nottingham, UK
Introduction
Measuring the glass transition temperature
Modelling the glass transition temperature
Conclusion and recommendations
Sources of further information and advice
References
Detecting spoilage yeasts
V Loureiro and M Malfeito-Ferreira, Instituto Superior de Agronomia and A Carreira, STAB Vida, Portugal
Introduction: food spoilage yeasts
Detection and enumeration: culture and direct count techniques
Detection and enumeration: instrumental techniques
Methods of identifying and characterising food borne yeasts
The use of microbiological indicators to monitor food quality and spoilage
Future trends
Sources of further information
Acknowledgements
References
Measuring lipid oxidation
J W Irwin and N Hedges, Unilever R&D, UK
Introduction: lipid oxidation
Chemical methods for measuring lipid oxidation
Physical methods for measuring lipid oxidation
Chromatographic methods for measuring lipid oxidation
Measurement issues
Correlating analytical measurements with sensory evaluation
Measurement techniques and shelf-life improvement
Conclusions and future trends
Sources of further information
References
Accelerated shelf life tests
S Mizrahi, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology
Introduction
Basic principles
Initial rate approach
Kinetic model approach
Problems in accelerated shelf-life tests
Future trends
References
The design of shelf-life tests
D Man, London South Bank University, UK
Introduction
Assuring the safety of food: the HACCP system
Determining the shelf-life of food
Predicting the shelf-life of food
Conclusions
Sources of further information and advice
References -
[论坛] 震撼Flash--Interview with God
2007-05-03 11:49:36
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名人的英语墓志铭
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英文手机短信，或搞笑或充满智慧
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[论坛] 世界主要英语报刊网址大全！
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学好英语的葵花宝典——42个经典要诀
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英语大师们讲解英语学习方法
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[论坛] 想看英文原版杂志？美国杂志300强网址大全！
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What I have lived for:我的人生追求(中英对照+语速较慢)
2007-05-02 10:52:12
What I have lived for:我的人生追求(中英对照+语速较慢)
视频: listen to this
Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life :the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, in a wayward course,are over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair.
有三种简单然而无比强烈的激情左右了我的一生;对爱的渴望,对知识的探索和对人类苦难的难以忍受的怜悯。这些激情像飓风,反复地吹拂过深重的苦海,濒于绝境。I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy-ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all my rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it ,next because it relieves loneliness-that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the co1d unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what-at last-I have found.
我寻找爱,首先是因为它使人心醉神迷。这种陶醉是如此的美妙,使我愿意牺牲所有的余生去换取几个小时这样的欣喜。我寻找爱,还因为它解除孤独(在可怕的孤独中,一颗颤抖的灵魂从世界的边缘看到冰冷、无底、死寂的深渊。最后,我寻找爱,还因为在爱的交融中,神秘而又具体入微地,我看到了圣贤和诗人们想象出的天堂的前景。这就是我所寻找的,而且,虽然对人生来说似乎过于美妙,这也是我终于找到了的。
With equa1 passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux. A 1ittle of this, but not much, I have achieved.
以同样的激情我探索知识。我希望能够理解人类的心灵。我希望能够知道群星为何闪烁。我试图领悟毕达哥拉斯所景仰的数字力量,它支配着此消彼长。仅在不大的一定程度上,我达到了此目的。
Love and knowledge, so far they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evi1,but I can't, and I too suffer.
爱和知识,只要有可能,通向着天堂。但是怜悯总把我带回尘世。痛苦呼喊的回声回荡在我的内心。忍饥挨饿的孩子,惨遭压迫者摧残的受害者,被儿女们视为可憎的负担的痛苦无助的老人,使人类所应有的生活成为了笑柄。我渴望能够减少邪恶,但是我无能为力,而且我自己也在忍受折磨。This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and wou1d gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.
这就是我的一生。我发现它值得一过。如果再给我一次机会,我会很高高兴地再活它一次。 -
爱情美文Love and Time：爱和时间（语速适中）
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Advertising---听一下老外的广告（语速有挑战性）
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很倒霉？知足吧，还有更倒霉的呢！（语速适中）
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Principles are lighthouses ：正确的原则犹如灯塔（语速较慢）
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Opportunity---善待机会（简单+语速较慢）
2007-05-02 10:35:33
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Find yourself ---发现自己 （有一点难度+语速慢）
2007-05-02 10:33:39
Find yourself ---发现自己 （有一点难度+语速慢）
林语堂（1895-1976）
一名轰动世界文坛的中国文化传播者。他三十年著作全用英文，作品入选为美国大学教材。本文选自他1937年的著作《The Importance of Living》(《生活的艺术》)，该书向世界娓娓道出中国人旷情达观、陶情怡兴的生活方式。
视频: listen to this
The only problem unconsciously assumed by all Chinese philosophers to be of any importance is: How shall we enjoy life, and who can best enjoy life? No perfectionism, no straining after the unattainable, no postulating of he unknowable; but taking poor, modal human nature as it is, how shall we organize our life so that we can woke peacefully, endure nobly and live happily?
一切中国的哲学家在不知不觉中认为唯一重要的问题是：我们要怎样享受人生？谁最会享受人生？我们不追求十全十美的理想，我们不寻找那些得不到的东西，我们不要求知道那些不得而知的东西；我们只认识不完美的、会死的人类的本性，那么我们要怎样调整我们的人生，使我们可以和平地工作着，旷达地忍耐着，幸福地生活着呢?
Who are we? That is first question. It is a question almost impossible to answer. But we all agree with the busy self occupied in our daily activities is not quite the real self. We are quite sure we have lost something in the mere pursuit of living. When we watch a person running about looking for something in a field, the wise man can set a puzzle for all the spectator to solve: what has that person lost? Some one thinks is a watch; another thinks it is a diamond brooch; and others will essay other guesses. After all the guesses have failed, the wise man who really doesn't know what the person is seeking after, tells the company:" I'll tell you. He has lost some breath." And no one can deny that he is right. So we often forget our true self in the pursuit of living, like a bird forgetting its own danger in pursuit of a mantis which again forgets its own danger in pursuit of another.
我们是谁呢？这是第一个问题。这个问题几乎是无法答复的。可是我们都承认在我们曰常活动中那么忙碌的自我，并不完全是真正的自我；我们相信我们在生活的追求中已经失掉了一些东西。当我们看见一个人在一片田野里跑来跑去在寻找东西时，智者可以弄出一个难题给一切旁观者去解答：那个人失掉了什么东西呢？有的猜一只表；有的猜一支钻石胸针；其他的人则作其他的猜测。智者委实也不知道那个人在寻找什么东西；可是当大家都猜不中的时候，他会对大家说：“我告诉你们吧。他失掉了一些气息了。” 没有人会否认他的话是对的。所以我们在生活的追求中常常忘掉了真正的自我，像庄子在一个美妙的譬喻里所讲的那只鸟那样，为了要捕捉一只螳螂而忘掉自身的危险，而那只螳螂又为了要捕捉一只蝉而忘掉自身的危险。
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Father and Son in An Earthquake：地震中的父与子
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A Date on April Fool's Day---愚人节拒绝爱情（语速适中）
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I Love You More---爱的唇枪舌战(简单+语速慢)
2007-05-02 10:23:07
I Love You More...爱的唇枪舌战(简单+语速慢)
视频: listen to this
I Love You More...
爱的“唇枪舌战”
It all began as we were standing in front of the bathroom mirror, me fixing Amanda's blonde hair. I said, “I love you, Amanda.” “And, I love you,” she replied. “Oh, yeah,” I taunted1. “Well, I love you more.” Her eyes lit up as she recognized the cue for the start of another “I love you more” match. “Nuh-uh,” she laughed, “I love you the most.” “I love you bigger than a volcano!” I countered—a favorite family phrase in these battles of love. “But, Mom, I love you from here to China.” A country she's learning about from our new neighbors up the street.
We volleyed back and forth a few favorite lines. “I love you more than peanut butter.” “Well, I love you more than television.” “I even love you more than bubble gum.” It was my turn again, and I made the move that usually brings victory. “I love you bigger than the universe!” On this day, however, Amanda was not going to give up. I could see she was thinking. “Mom,” she said in a quiet voice, “I love you more than myself.”
I stopped. Dumbfounded2. Overwhelmed by her sincerity. Here I thought I knew more than she did. I thought I knew at least everything that she knew. However, my four-year-old daughter knows more about love than her 28-year-old mom.
事情发生时，我们俩正站在浴室的镜子前，我替阿曼达梳理她的一头金发。我说，“我爱你，阿曼达。”“我也爱你，”她回答。“噢，是的，”我嘲弄她。“好吧，我爱你更多。”当她意识到另一场关于“我爱你”的口舌之争拉开帷幕时，她的眼睛闪闪发亮。“呐，”她大笑着说，“我最爱你。”我回敬道：“我对你的爱比一座火山还要大！”这句话是我们爱的争夺战中最受欢迎的家庭用语。“可，妈妈，我对你的爱从这里一直延伸到中国。”这是她从我们街那头新来的邻居那儿学到的国家名称。
我们用这些美言你来我往地斗了几个回合。“我爱你胜过爱花生酱。”“噢，我爱你胜过爱电视机。”“我爱你甚至超过爱泡泡糖。”又轮到我了，我决定使出杀手锏：“我对你的爱超越整个宇宙！”每次用这招都会胜出的。可今天，阿曼达不打算“善罢甘休”。我看得出她正绞尽脑汁。“妈妈，”她平静地说，“我爱你胜过爱我自己。”
我顿时无言以对，目瞪口呆。女儿的真诚让我折服。我原以为，我比她懂得更多。我以为，至少她知道的事情我都知道。可是，我那4岁的宝贝女儿比她28岁的妈妈更懂得爱。
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The Mental Chain---精神枷锁（简单+语速慢）！
2007-05-02 10:19:42
The Mental Chain---精神枷锁（简单+语速慢）！
视频: listen to this
The Mental Chain
精神枷锁
Most people are like the circus1 elephant. Have you ever seen an elephant in an indoor arena tied to a little wooden stake2? That huge creature can pick up two thousand pounds with its trunk, yet it calmly stays tied. Why?
When that elephant was just a baby, and not very strong, it was tied by a huge chain to an iron stake that could not be moved. Regardless of how hard it tried, it could not break the chain and run free. After a while it just gave up. Now, even though it is strong, it never attempts to break free. The “imprint3” is permanent. “I can't! I can't!” it says.
There are millions of people who behave like this circus creature. They have been tied and told “You'll never make it,” so many times they finally call it quits. They may have dreams, but the “imprinting” keeps pulling them back.
大多数人都像马戏团里的大象。你曾看过一头大象被拴在室内舞台的一根小木桩上吗？那头庞然大物能用它的长鼻子挑起2000磅的重物，却平静地甘于被绑缚。为什么呢？
大象幼年时，身子骨还不甚强壮，就被一根巨大的铁链拴在牢牢固定的铁桩上。不管它花多大的气力，都无法挣断铁链，获得自由。经过一段时间的尝试，它便放弃了。如今，它强壮了，却也不再试着去争取自由了。这个“铬印”是永久的。“我不能！我不能！”它诉说着。
无数人就像马戏团的这头大象一样，他们受到束缚，听到的是：“你永远也做不到。”经过无数次重复，他们最终放弃了。他们可能有梦想，但“烙印”让他们止步不前。
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- 访问量: 62518
- 日志数: 236
- 图片数: 3
- 文件数: 21
- 书签数: 2
- 建立时间: 2007-03-30
- 更新时间: 2008-07-28
