人们能够持续活下去的关键，在于感到自己有所归属和有用

　　在2006年底和2007年初的几个月，有一名网名为Kristi4的妇女成了厌食症讨论社区的最知名会员。作为生活杂志网一个博客的管理员，她曾给予人们忠告和鼓励，并坦率地写出自己的思想斗争。到了后来，一个星期五的夜晚，在一连串说明她正在计划做的事情后，自杀了。

　　她的死只是所有心理学统计的一个悲剧数据点而已。人们早就知道，厌食症在心理疾病中死亡率最高：患厌食症的病人每五个人中就有一人死于与该病有关的原因。但是，现在人们只是知道，很多厌食症病人并不是饿死的，而是自杀。厌食症病人自杀的可能性是正常人群的50～60倍，没有任何一种疾病人群有如此高的自杀率。

　　现在，心理学家们试图解释人为什么会自杀这一宽泛的问题。如果这种解释可以成立，它将给精神病学家提供一种筛选病人的新工具，帮助确定哪些病人更可能自杀，从而预防、挽救生命。

　　难以解释的动力

　　自我保护是人类最强大的本能，所以，自杀的驱动力肯定更为强大。但是，它是由什么引起的呢？

　　一个世纪以前，社会学家埃米尔·涂尔干和心理学家弗洛伊德都曾对此提出过解释。涂尔干看到自杀的根源在于社会因素，比如未能融入社会；而弗洛伊德的解释是根源在于本能驱动，特别是他所说的死亡本能。更近的解释则趋向于把重点放在诸如抑郁、绝望和感情痛苦等因素上。但是还没有人成功地回答过自杀的基本问题，即：为什么处在看似相同的境遇，有些人会自杀，而另一些人却不会？

　　哈佛大学研究自杀和自我伤害的心理学家诺克说，通过对大量自杀数据的处理，已经获得了一些进展。比如，研究人员已经了解到，自杀的死亡率正在上升，在全世界范围内目前占到所有死亡的1.5%。15岁至24岁人群的自杀是除交通事故外的第二大死亡原因。妇女比男子更有可能尝试自杀，但男人更容易自杀成功。

　　有关自杀最麻烦、最难回答的问题就是：我们怎样提前知道？我们可以预先做些什么？以及心中的疑惑：为什么自杀？

　　大多数自杀的人都有精神失调症——最常见的是厌食症、抑郁症、精神分裂症和边缘性人格障碍。但绝大多数沮丧和无望的人并不会走向自杀，而自杀风险却也存在于许多其他人群中。

　　自从1965年以来，全世界的自杀率增加了60%，每年大约有100万人自杀成功，每过40秒就有一人死于自杀。但这些统计数字并不能告诉我们哪些人自杀风险最高。

　　成功自杀的两种前提

　　2005年，佛罗里达州立大学自杀研究专家、心理学家乔伊纳的父亲自杀身亡，这一惨痛的打击使得他开始尝试回答这一问题。《为什么自杀》一书于2005年由哈佛大学出版社出版。通过对自杀统计资料的研究和对自杀率较高组群的特别关注，乔伊纳认为他已经发现了其他人忽视的线索。

　　人有两种基本需求，一是渴望得到他人的认同，融入他人的圈子；二是渴望对他人有用，或者能影响他人。如果一个人在这两方面都遭受重创或一败涂地，他就会觉得自己到处都格格不入和一无是处，那就难免有求死之心了。

　　我们周围不乏有自杀念头、自杀未遂和自杀身亡的人。乔伊纳提出，大体上自杀的人必须满足极度绝望和沮丧两个条件：

　　人们死于自杀，是因为他们“能”——也就是，他们对疼痛变得不再敏感，并且习惯于面对暴力；

　　人们死于自杀，是因为他们“想”——他们通常都对自己尊重的组群或关系不再有归属感，这使他们不再与他人联络，变得绝望，不能看清现实并失去亲密关系；而且感觉自己成了亲人的负担，或者自己什么都做不好。

　　成功自杀的人必须有能力实施这种行为，这听上去很显然，但是，在乔伊纳指出来之前，一直没有人曾经试图弄清楚为什么有些人能做到，而绝大多数人却不能。乔伊纳说，不管你多么真心求死，这都不是一件容易的事情。自我保护的本能是很强大的。

　　乔伊纳说，想自杀的人有两种方式发展出克服自我保护的能力。一种是逐渐地做到，很多情况下，第一次自杀尝试是试探性的，如割脉的刀口较浅或服用的药物轻度过量。只有在经过多次尝试之后，自杀行动才是致命的。“每一次成功的自杀对应的是20次失败的尝试。”

　　另一种是对痛苦和恐怖的经验习以为常。比如，士兵和警察会有更多机会被人射杀，或看到自己的同事受伤或死亡，于是他们会习惯地想到自己的死亡。这两个组群都有高于正常的自杀率。同样，见证伤痛和死亡的医生和外科医生也更有可能考虑到自己的死亡——医生的自杀率大大高于一般人群。乔伊纳将这种要面对那些会威胁大多数人的事情描述为“冷漠无情”。

[材料]
大米半杯、炒花生150克、糖1杯
[做法]
1.大米洗净，泡1小时，然后加入榨汁机内，同时加水3杯将大米咖，再倒入锅内。
2.再加3杯水将花生打碎，一同倒人锅内同煮，并加糖调味，视黏调状况再酌量加水调至适中稠度，即可关火盛出饮用。
　

INGREDIENTS
1/2c. rice, 50z. Fried peanuts, 1c. sugar
METHODS
1. Wash the rice and soak in water for 1 hour, then pour into the blender, add 3c.water to grind, then pour into a pot.
2. Add 3c. water to smash the peanuts, then pour into the method (1) and bring to a boil, add sugar to taste, add water until it gets thickened, then remove from heat and serve.

[材料]
 猪肉馅300克、洋葱半个、面包粉1杯、鲜奶1杯、姜末1茶匙、胡萝卜末1 /3杯、盐1茶匙、料酒1大匙、淀粉半大匙、汉堡面包4个
[做法]
1.先将面包粉和鲜奶调匀浸泡，再将肉馅放大碗内，加入泡软的面包粉、切碎的洋葱末和胡萝卜末、姜末等材料伴匀。
2.加入所有调味料调好后，分成4等份小块，每块按扁后，用平底锅煎黄，再夹入汉堡面包内即可食用。可附加生菜及番茄片。

INGREDIENTS
2/3 lb. ground pork, 1/2 onion ,chopped, 1c. bread crumbs, 1c. milk,1t. chopped ginger, 1/3c. diced carrots, 1t. salt, 1T. cooking wine, 1/2T. cornstarch, 4 hamburger bread
METHODS
1. Soak the bread crumbs into the milk and mix, then put ground pork into a bowl, then add the bread crumbs mixture, chopped onions and diced carrots and chopped ginger, stir well.
2. Add all the seasonings and mix well, then divide pork mixture into 4 portions, press flat each one of them. Fry in a frying pan with a little oil until golden brown on both sides, then stuff in the hamburger bread. Stuff in lettuce and tomato slice if desired.

[材料]
现成品酌量〔视各人食量)
[做法]
蒸热取出即可食用。
　

INGREDIENTS
the already-made small curly round buns (depends on how much the
eater can eat)
METHODS
Steam and serve.

[材料]
鲜奶2杯、鸡蛋1个、白糖2大匙
[做法]
 1.鸡蛋打散，加人鲜奶和白糖调匀，用纱网过滤
后，盛在蒸碗内。盖上保鲜膜，放人电锅，外锅加水
2杯，蒸至开关跳起时即可取出。
2.撕去保鲜膜食用。

INGREDIENTS
2c. milk, 1 egg, 2T. sugar
METHODS
1. Beat egg, add milk and sugar, then mix well, filter egg mixture
a sifter or strainer to remove any impurities,and pour into the steaming bowl, cover with cellophane wrap and place into the rice cooker,add 2c. water in rice cooker,steam until the switch pumps and remove.
2. Remove the cellophane wrap and serve.

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　　  宾夕法尼亚大学图书馆收藏的25,000本免费图书
　　
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　　  超多的国外期刊杂志，全部可以免费订阅
　　
　　4. PSU's Electronic Classics Site: http://www2.hn.psu.edu/faculty/jmanis/jimspdf.htm
　　   文学经典书籍
　　
　　5. PlanetPDF http://www.planetpdf.com/free_pdf_ebooks.asp?CurrentPage=1
　　  文学经典书籍
　　
　　6. University of California, eScholarship Edition: http://content.cdlib.org/escholarship/
　　   2000多本免费学术书籍
　　
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　　 文学，哲学，科学，历史书籍收集
　　
　　8. AvaxHome.ru: http://www.avaxhome.ru
　　一些新书，不过版权是个问题
　　
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　　3000本免费书籍
　　
　　10.You! Everyone has his own favorite ebook website. Maybe It’s already on the list. Maybe not. It doesn’t matter. The most important thing is that you love eBook.

　　--王佐良 译

引言：

        读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处 世判事之际。

    Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.

    For expert and execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best form. those that are learned. 

   To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgement wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar.

   They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning (pruning) by study; and studies
themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in/ by experience.

   Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.

    Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.

    Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.

    Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.
Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in morse. (Studeis go to make up a man’s character.

    Nay there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach ; riding for the head; and the like.

    So if a man\'s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers\' cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt



读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处 世判事之际。

练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。

读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。

有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。

读书时不可存心诘难读者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。

书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味。

读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。

读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格。

人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题需全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辩异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特效可医。

附：各月干支加减表
　　一月干支均减１ 　　　二月干加０支加６
　　三月干减二支加10 　　四月干减１支加５
　　五月干支均减１ 　　　六月干加０支加６
　　七月干支均加０ 　　　八月干加１支加７
　　九月干支均加２ 　　　十月干加２支加８
　　十一月干支均加３ 　　十二月干加３支加９
　　

为了便于记忆，有歌一首：
　　一五双减一 　二六加零六
　　三减二加十 　四减一加五
　　七零九加二 　八加一七走
　　十上加二八 　冬三腊三九
　　闰从三月起 　余数均加一

例１：求1981年12月31日的日干支
　　查1981年元旦干支为己卯，己的代表数为６，卯为４，即以６、４为基数进行计算。
　　干：6＋31（所求日数）＋3（12月干加3）＝40
　　除去周转数30,余10。10代表癸,所以日干是癸。
　　支：4+31+9(12月支加9)=44
　　除周转数36,余8。8代表未所以日支是未。
　　合起来可知1981年12月31日为癸未日。并由此可以推之1982年元旦干支为甲申

People who consume alcohol earn significantly more at their jobs than non-drinkers, according to a US study that highlighted "social capital" gained from drinking.

The study published in the Journal of Labor Research Thursday concluded that drinkers earn 10 to 14 percent more than teetotalers, and that men who drink socially bring home an additional seven percent in pay. 这篇研究论文于本周四在《劳动力研究》期刊上发表，研究结果表明，喝酒的人比不喝酒的人挣钱多10％到14％，而且在社交场合喝酒的人能多挣7％。

"Social drinking builds social capital," said Edward Stringham, an economics professor at San Jose State University and co-author of the study with fellow researcher Bethany Peters. 美国圣何赛州立大学的经济学教授爱德华·斯丁汉姆和贝瑟尼·彼得斯共同撰写了这篇论文。爱德华教授说：“在社交场合喝酒能积聚社会资本”。

"Social drinkers are out networking, building relationships, and adding contacts to their BlackBerries(美国极受欢迎的一种多合一的无线数据及声讯工具) that result in bigger paychecks." 他说：“社交饮士们通常善于进行人际交往，这会给他们带来额外收入。”

METHODS

Stewed Beef Tripe
Cook the beef tripe until soft, then add the five-spice bag and soy sauce to taste, and cook until the flavor is absorbed, slice when serving this dish.
Stewed Peanuts
Clean the peanuts, cook until done, then add the star anises and some salt to taste, cook until the flavor is absorbed.
Stewed Pressed Tofu
Place five-flavored pressed tofu into stewing sauce and cook until the flavor is absorbed, then slice when eating. If you don't prepare the stewing sauce at home,it is suggested that using the stock together with soy sauce and star anises, and stew to flavored.

[材料]
 白饭半碗、热乌龙茶1杯
[做法]
将白饭盛人碗内，冲入乌龙茶，伴匀即可食用。

INGREDIENTS
1/2 bowl cooked rice, lc. hot Oolong tea

METHODS
Put the rice in the bowl, pour the hot Oolong tea, mix together and serve.

卤牛肉
牛健永烫去掉血水，另以清水煮半小时，然后加入八角五香包，再加适量的料酒、酱油、糖，卤入味后再切细条，淋少许卤汁即成。
小鱼干
小银鱼75克先用清水泡10分钟，然后沥干，锅内用3大匙油炒香葱、姜末，再放入小鱼干编炒，最后加入辣椒同炒，并淋入少许酱油、胡椒粉及一点糖调味，炒匀即盛出。
菜脯蛋
萝卜千40克洗净、切碎，加2瓣大蒜(切成末)同炒，然后盛出放凉。另将鸡蛋2个打散，伴入萝卜干，然后用平底锅煎成小蛋片，两面煎黄即盛出。

 

METHODS

Stewed Beef
Blanch the beef first, cook in water for 30 minutes, then add some star anises and five-spice bag, season with wine, soy sauce, sugar. cook until the flavor is absorbed slice and pour some sauce on it, then serve.
Dried Small Fish
Soak 3oz.dried salted whitebaits in water for 10 minutes, drain. Stir-fry the chopped scallions and ginger with 3T. oil until fragrant, add white-baits to stir-fry until dry, then add chili peppers, soy sauce, pepper, and
a bit of sugar to taste, stir well and serve.
Egg with Preserved Chinese Radish
Clean and chop 1 oz. Preserved Chinese radish. stir-fry together with 2 cloves garlic (chopped), then remove and set aside. Beat 2 eggs, mix with the stir-fried preserved Chinese radish, then fry as the pan-cake shape until golden, then ready to serve.

[材料]
 大米1杯
[做法]
1.大米洗净，加水5杯浸泡20分钟后，移至炉上煮开。
2.改小火熬煮至米粒黏稠即可关火盛出。

INGREDIENTS
1c. rice

METHODS
1. Rinse the rice, soak in 5c. water for 20 minutes, then bring to a boil.
2. Keep simmering with over low heat, cook until the rice gets thickened, Serve.